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Jacques-Louis David and the Role of Art the French Revolution

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Imitations of heroism and virtue from the antiquity suggest selective enthusiasms partly legitimised tyrannical revolutionary government

Article by Jasper Wiggins

Image: Self-Portrait of Jacques-Louis David, Museum of the Louvre

Fetishization of the Antiquity in Revolutionary France

Australian Political Analysis Review - Open Source Independent Education

Ideals of government enabled by imitations of heroism and virtue from the antiquity suggest selective enthusiasms partly legitimised tyrannical revolutionary government through constant comparison with Greece and Rome. Art historian Dorothy Johnston characterises the popularity of Jacques-Louis David’s The Oath of Horatti (1784) as a phenomenon of  “language of gesture” in popular art-culture David’s depiction of Horatius rallying of allegiance of the youth carries “cultural nationalist” connotations to virtue and feeds directly into revolutionary emphasis ascribed to the taking of arms. Johnston suggests that much of the visceral significance is in the piece’s ability to “pantomimically communicate” a clear message of revolutionary spirit to inspire viewers and see themselves as the three men. David’s piece characterises Frances’s relationship with antiquity as a “pathos of novelty,” conducive to revolutionary government due to historical affirmation and similarity with the Americans who portrayed continental government as the inheritors of Roman republicanism and reason., 


Similarly, Wilfred Nippel notes that political and cultural reflection the Greeks and Romans was possible due to justification of state emergency on Reason. On such basis, can one observe Cicero’s “justificatory formula”, that being the primacy of the people’s safety after the Cataline Conspiracy, “supreme law” of the lands, inferring near identical basis by which Robespierre warrants the formation of revolutionary tribunals in his speech on Revolutionary Government to wield absolute judicial authority. In similar fashion, Robespierre’s petition to be declared Dictator in June of 1974 is indicative of the extent he was willing to go to have is claimed legitimised by the Convention as the Senate did to Octavian. He was however brandished a tyrant as he fled the Convention. What is clear is that his state emergency was, similar to legal precedent, reliant on historical and likely fictional examples to legitimise the tyrannical five months of his 1794 government.

State of Paranoia: Radicalism Without Boundaries

Observation of political radicalisation among Parisians suggests a militant-like ideology of fervour and few boundaries lacking tolerance for compromise. Historian Robert Darnton challenges the very nature of what made France revolutionary. Notably, Darnton alludes to a revolutionary spirit through devout political allegiance to the National Convention is a consequence of the revolution’s cultural spillover on identity. While membership into political clubs remained limited, a large radicalising factor of the revolution came through its temporal changes to the calendar, whereby the way citizens perceived time and space was fundamentally orientated around the celebration of values dedicated to the revolution. To some degree this combined temporal-cultural factor bound the sans-culotte most successfully and remains emblematic of what Darnton describes as “The Kiss of Lamourette”, an expression for fraternity, or need for brotherhood in crisis. Darnton insists how this phenomenon not only swept like a “hurricane” amounting to a “seismic shift” in revolutionary identity and purpose, as it unified many Parisians under their complete isolation from the European powers, while also setting precedence for an event that would permanently mark the historical timeline.

 

To a large degree, revolutionary spirit became militant by 1793 and necessary for France’s defence. However, such indispensable beliefs became fanatical in the Terror of 1794 as some victims of political trials attribute their wrongdoings to the progress of the revolution. Such is the final publication by Condorcet during his hiding. Condorcet contemplates on a yet to be decided “limit” on “perfecting the human faculties.” Condorcet recalls the revolution as “progress” to the human spirits necessary refinement. For Condorcet, sacrifice has contributed to the survival of the revolution and value in mankind as his cause is beyond nature. Any return would send the revolution in “oblivion.” Condorcet recognises that while his death will make him a victim to the slaughter, his sacrifice for the revolution will however survive him for the betterment of humanity inferring collectivist spirit even among the condemned.

 

On the other hand, statistician Richard Louie examines a positive skew in convicted offenders with capital offences of ‘incidence’ charged with the Law of the 22. Overwhelmingly, figures favour of working-class causalities amounting to 48% of the total recorded executions. These figures also suggest that the paranoia of the Terror had greater consequences on poorer classes. Of those caught in the crossfire, working class wife Noirette Blancheton is beheaded for participation in an anti-Jacobin riot suggesting that revolutionary spirit was not universal among all Parisians or French, and thereof greater affliction in vulnerable communities. In instances of distinct anti-revolutionary motive such as the attempted assassination on Robespierre by Cecile Renault, her father, brother, and aunt were held collectively culpable. Ultimately, the intensity of the Terror became part of daily lives that it altered their perception of death. Moreover, while such radicalism technically achieved Robespierre’s call for terrifying virtue to deter threat, it did not provide any framework for moving beyond a state of paranoia. 

Bibliography

Darnton, Robert. ‘The Kiss of Lamourette.’ In The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History, 1-21, Norton 1990.

 

Condorcet, N de. Bennett, Johnathon. ‘Sketch for a historical picture of the advances of the human mind.’  Early Modern Texts. 2015. https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/condorcet1795_3.pdf 

 

Louie, Richard. “The Incidence of the Terror: A Critique of a Statistical Interpretation.” French Historical Studies 3, no. 3 (1964): 379–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/285949.

 

Naish, Camille. 2013. “Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431-1933.” London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203104019

 

David, Jacques-Louis. “Oath of the Horatti.” 1784. Toledo Museum of Art. http://emuseum.toledomuseum.org/objects/55069/the-oath-of-the-horatii?ctx=739d11b7-2f63-4ad0-9596-69dcd5791a3e&idx=0 

 

Johnson, Dorothy. “Corporality and Communication: The Gestural Revolution of Diderot, David, and The Oath of the Horatii.” The Art Bulletin 71, no. 1 (1989): 92–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/3051216.

 

Nippel, Wilfried. “The French Revolution and Antiquity.” Chapter. In Ancient and Modern Democracy: Two Concepts of Liberty?, translated by Keith Tribe, 148–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

 

Ames, R. A., and H. C. Montgomery. “The Influence of Rome on the American Constitution.” The Classical Journal 30, no. 1 (1934): 19–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3290141.


Leary, Francis. “Robespierre: The Meaning of Virtue.” The Virginia Quarterly Review 72, no. 1 (1996): 104–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26437453.

Jasper Wiggins

10/05/2024

The Social Contract captures the relationship between consent to govern by the individual, and the extent to which the State exercises authority. Both Kant and Locke examine conditional express and tacit consent and how it compares with obliged moral duty. Kant's view towards the role of the State differs from Locke's notion that authority to establish a society is granted by the consent of the majority, rather than constitution. Ultimately, Kant's morally regulative approach challenges Locke, asserting that the empowerment of constitution requires the incorporation of popular obedience, to uphold enforceable legal authority.

Article by Jasper Wiggins

Article by Jasper Wiggins

Article by Jasper Wiggins

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